Horizontal Pod Autoscaler Walkthrough
Horizontal Pod Autoscaler automatically scales the number of Pods in a replication controller, deployment, replica set or stateful set based on observed CPU utilization (or, with beta support, on some other, application-provided metrics).
This document walks you through an example of enabling Horizontal Pod Autoscaler for the php-apache server. For more information on how Horizontal Pod Autoscaler behaves, see the Horizontal Pod Autoscaler user guide.
Before you begin
This example requires a running Kubernetes cluster and kubectl, version 1.2 or later. Metrics server monitoring needs to be deployed in the cluster to provide metrics through the Metrics API. Horizontal Pod Autoscaler uses this API to collect metrics. To learn how to deploy the metrics-server, see the metrics-server documentation.
To specify multiple resource metrics for a Horizontal Pod Autoscaler, you must have a Kubernetes cluster and kubectl at version 1.6 or later. To make use of custom metrics, your cluster must be able to communicate with the API server providing the custom Metrics API. Finally, to use metrics not related to any Kubernetes object you must have a Kubernetes cluster at version 1.10 or later, and you must be able to communicate with the API server that provides the external Metrics API. See the Horizontal Pod Autoscaler user guide for more details.
Run and expose php-apache server
To demonstrate Horizontal Pod Autoscaler we will use a custom docker image based on the php-apache image. The Dockerfile has the following content:
FROM php:5-apache
COPY index.php /var/www/html/index.php
RUN chmod a+rx index.php
It defines an index.php page which performs some CPU intensive computations:
<?php
$x = 0.0001;
for ($i = 0; $i <= 1000000; $i++) {
$x += sqrt($x);
}
echo "OK!";
?>
First, we will start a deployment running the image and expose it as a service using the following configuration:
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: php-apache
spec:
selector:
matchLabels:
run: php-apache
replicas: 1
template:
metadata:
labels:
run: php-apache
spec:
containers:
- name: php-apache
image: k8s.gcr.io/hpa-example
ports:
- containerPort: 80
resources:
limits:
cpu: 500m
requests:
cpu: 200m
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: php-apache
labels:
run: php-apache
spec:
ports:
- port: 80
selector:
run: php-apache
Run the following command:
kubectl apply -f https://k8s.io/examples/application/php-apache.yaml
deployment.apps/php-apache created
service/php-apache created
Create Horizontal Pod Autoscaler
Now that the server is running, we will create the autoscaler using
kubectl autoscale.
The following command will create a Horizontal Pod Autoscaler that maintains between 1 and 10 replicas of the Pods
controlled by the php-apache deployment we created in the first step of these instructions.
Roughly speaking, HPA will increase and decrease the number of replicas
(via the deployment) to maintain an average CPU utilization across all Pods of 50%.
Since each pod requests 200 milli-cores by kubectl run, this means an average CPU usage of 100 milli-cores.
See here for more details on the algorithm.
kubectl autoscale deployment php-apache --cpu-percent=50 --min=1 --max=10
horizontalpodautoscaler.autoscaling/php-apache autoscaled
We may check the current status of autoscaler by running:
kubectl get hpa
NAME REFERENCE TARGET MINPODS MAXPODS REPLICAS AGE
php-apache Deployment/php-apache/scale 0% / 50% 1 10 1 18s
Please note that the current CPU consumption is 0% as we are not sending any requests to the server
(the TARGET column shows the average across all the pods controlled by the corresponding deployment).
Increase load
Now, we will see how the autoscaler reacts to increased load. We will start a container, and send an infinite loop of queries to the php-apache service (please run it in a different terminal):
kubectl run -i --tty load-generator --rm --image=busybox --restart=Never -- /bin/sh -c "while sleep 0.01; do wget -q -O- http://php-apache; done"
Within a minute or so, we should see the higher CPU load by executing:
kubectl get hpa
NAME REFERENCE TARGET MINPODS MAXPODS REPLICAS AGE
php-apache Deployment/php-apache/scale 305% / 50% 1 10 1 3m
Here, CPU consumption has increased to 305% of the request. As a result, the deployment was resized to 7 replicas:
kubectl get deployment php-apache
NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE
php-apache 7/7 7 7 19m
Stop load
We will finish our example by stopping the user load.
In the terminal where we created the container with busybox image, terminate
the load generation by typing <Ctrl> + C.
Then we will verify the result state (after a minute or so):
kubectl get hpa
NAME REFERENCE TARGET MINPODS MAXPODS REPLICAS AGE
php-apache Deployment/php-apache/scale 0% / 50% 1 10 1 11m
kubectl get deployment php-apache
NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE
php-apache 1/1 1 1 27m
Here CPU utilization dropped to 0, and so HPA autoscaled the number of replicas back down to 1.
Autoscaling on multiple metrics and custom metrics
You can introduce additional metrics to use when autoscaling the php-apache Deployment
by making use of the autoscaling/v2beta2 API version.
First, get the YAML of your HorizontalPodAutoscaler in the autoscaling/v2beta2 form:
kubectl get hpa php-apache -o yaml > /tmp/hpa-v2.yaml
Open the /tmp/hpa-v2.yaml file in an editor, and you should see YAML which looks like this:
apiVersion: autoscaling/v2beta2
kind: HorizontalPodAutoscaler
metadata:
name: php-apache
spec:
scaleTargetRef:
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
name: php-apache
minReplicas: 1
maxReplicas: 10
metrics:
- type: Resource
resource:
name: cpu
target:
type: Utilization
averageUtilization: 50
status:
observedGeneration: 1
lastScaleTime: <some-time>
currentReplicas: 1
desiredReplicas: 1
currentMetrics:
- type: Resource
resource:
name: cpu
current:
averageUtilization: 0
averageValue: 0
Notice that the targetCPUUtilizationPercentage field has been replaced with an array called metrics.
The CPU utilization metric is a resource metric, since it is represented as a percentage of a resource
specified on pod containers. Notice that you can specify other resource metrics besides CPU. By default,
the only other supported resource metric is memory. These resources do not change names from cluster
to cluster, and should always be available, as long as the metrics.k8s.io API is available.
You can also specify resource metrics in terms of direct values, instead of as percentages of the
requested value, by using a target.type of AverageValue instead of Utilization, and
setting the corresponding target.averageValue field instead of the target.averageUtilization.
There are two other types of metrics, both of which are considered custom metrics: pod metrics and object metrics. These metrics may have names which are cluster specific, and require a more advanced cluster monitoring setup.
The first of these alternative metric types is pod metrics. These metrics describe Pods, and
are averaged together across Pods and compared with a target value to determine the replica count.
They work much like resource metrics, except that they only support a target type of AverageValue.
Pod metrics are specified using a metric block like this:
type: Pods
pods:
metric:
name: packets-per-second
target:
type: AverageValue
averageValue: 1k
The second alternative metric type is object metrics. These metrics describe a different
object in the same namespace, instead of describing Pods. The metrics are not necessarily
fetched from the object; they only describe it. Object metrics support target types of
both Value and AverageValue. With Value, the target is compared directly to the returned
metric from the API. With AverageValue, the value returned from the custom metrics API is divided
by the number of Pods before being compared to the target. The following example is the YAML
representation of the requests-per-second metric.
type: Object
object:
metric:
name: requests-per-second
describedObject:
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
name: main-route
target:
type: Value
value: 2k
If you provide multiple such metric blocks, the HorizontalPodAutoscaler will consider each metric in turn. The HorizontalPodAutoscaler will calculate proposed replica counts for each metric, and then choose the one with the highest replica count.
For example, if you had your monitoring system collecting metrics about network traffic,
you could update the definition above using kubectl edit to look like this:
apiVersion: autoscaling/v2beta2
kind: HorizontalPodAutoscaler
metadata:
name: php-apache
spec:
scaleTargetRef:
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
name: php-apache
minReplicas: 1
maxReplicas: 10
metrics:
- type: Resource
resource:
name: cpu
target:
type: Utilization
averageUtilization: 50
- type: Pods
pods:
metric:
name: packets-per-second
target:
type: AverageValue
averageValue: 1k
- type: Object
object:
metric:
name: requests-per-second
describedObject:
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
name: main-route
target:
type: Value
value: 10k
status:
observedGeneration: 1
lastScaleTime: <some-time>
currentReplicas: 1
desiredReplicas: 1
currentMetrics:
- type: Resource
resource:
name: cpu
current:
averageUtilization: 0
averageValue: 0
- type: Object
object:
metric:
name: requests-per-second
describedObject:
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
name: main-route
current:
value: 10k
Then, your HorizontalPodAutoscaler would attempt to ensure that each pod was consuming roughly 50% of its requested CPU, serving 1000 packets per second, and that all pods behind the main-route Ingress were serving a total of 10000 requests per second.
Autoscaling on more specific metrics
Many metrics pipelines allow you to describe metrics either by name or by a set of additional
descriptors called labels. For all non-resource metric types (pod, object, and external,
described below), you can specify an additional label selector which is passed to your metric
pipeline. For instance, if you collect a metric http_requests with the verb
label, you can specify the following metric block to scale only on GET requests:
type: Object
object:
metric:
name: http_requests
selector: {matchLabels: {verb: GET}}
This selector uses the same syntax as the full Kubernetes label selectors. The monitoring pipeline
determines how to collapse multiple series into a single value, if the name and selector
match multiple series. The selector is additive, and cannot select metrics
that describe objects that are not the target object (the target pods in the case of the Pods
type, and the described object in the case of the Object type).
Autoscaling on metrics not related to Kubernetes objects
Applications running on Kubernetes may need to autoscale based on metrics that don't have an obvious relationship to any object in the Kubernetes cluster, such as metrics describing a hosted service with no direct correlation to Kubernetes namespaces. In Kubernetes 1.10 and later, you can address this use case with external metrics.
Using external metrics requires knowledge of your monitoring system; the setup is
similar to that required when using custom metrics. External metrics allow you to autoscale your cluster
based on any metric available in your monitoring system. Provide a metric block with a
name and selector, as above, and use the External metric type instead of Object.
If multiple time series are matched by the metricSelector,
the sum of their values is used by the HorizontalPodAutoscaler.
External metrics support both the Value and AverageValue target types, which function exactly the same
as when you use the Object type.
For example if your application processes tasks from a hosted queue service, you could add the following section to your HorizontalPodAutoscaler manifest to specify that you need one worker per 30 outstanding tasks.
- type: External
external:
metric:
name: queue_messages_ready
selector:
matchLabels:
queue: "worker_tasks"
target:
type: AverageValue
averageValue: 30
When possible, it's preferable to use the custom metric target types instead of external metrics, since it's easier for cluster administrators to secure the custom metrics API. The external metrics API potentially allows access to any metric, so cluster administrators should take care when exposing it.
Appendix: Horizontal Pod Autoscaler Status Conditions
When using the autoscaling/v2beta2 form of the HorizontalPodAutoscaler, you will be able to see
status conditions set by Kubernetes on the HorizontalPodAutoscaler. These status conditions indicate
whether or not the HorizontalPodAutoscaler is able to scale, and whether or not it is currently restricted
in any way.
The conditions appear in the status.conditions field. To see the conditions affecting a HorizontalPodAutoscaler,
we can use kubectl describe hpa:
kubectl describe hpa cm-test
Name: cm-test
Namespace: prom
Labels: <none>
Annotations: <none>
CreationTimestamp: Fri, 16 Jun 2017 18:09:22 +0000
Reference: ReplicationController/cm-test
Metrics: ( current / target )
"http_requests" on pods: 66m / 500m
Min replicas: 1
Max replicas: 4
ReplicationController pods: 1 current / 1 desired
Conditions:
Type Status Reason Message
---- ------ ------ -------
AbleToScale True ReadyForNewScale the last scale time was sufficiently old as to warrant a new scale
ScalingActive True ValidMetricFound the HPA was able to successfully calculate a replica count from pods metric http_requests
ScalingLimited False DesiredWithinRange the desired replica count is within the acceptable range
Events:
For this HorizontalPodAutoscaler, we can see several conditions in a healthy state. The first,
AbleToScale, indicates whether or not the HPA is able to fetch and update scales, as well as
whether or not any backoff-related conditions would prevent scaling. The second, ScalingActive,
indicates whether or not the HPA is enabled (i.e. the replica count of the target is not zero) and
is able to calculate desired scales. When it is False, it generally indicates problems with
fetching metrics. Finally, the last condition, ScalingLimited, indicates that the desired scale
was capped by the maximum or minimum of the HorizontalPodAutoscaler. This is an indication that
you may wish to raise or lower the minimum or maximum replica count constraints on your
HorizontalPodAutoscaler.
Appendix: Quantities
All metrics in the HorizontalPodAutoscaler and metrics APIs are specified using
a special whole-number notation known in Kubernetes as a
quantity. For example,
the quantity 10500m would be written as 10.5 in decimal notation. The metrics APIs
will return whole numbers without a suffix when possible, and will generally return
quantities in milli-units otherwise. This means you might see your metric value fluctuate
between 1 and 1500m, or 1 and 1.5 when written in decimal notation.
Appendix: Other possible scenarios
Creating the autoscaler declaratively
Instead of using kubectl autoscale command to create a HorizontalPodAutoscaler imperatively we
can use the following file to create it declaratively:
apiVersion: autoscaling/v1
kind: HorizontalPodAutoscaler
metadata:
name: php-apache
spec:
scaleTargetRef:
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
name: php-apache
minReplicas: 1
maxReplicas: 10
targetCPUUtilizationPercentage: 50
We will create the autoscaler by executing the following command:
kubectl create -f https://k8s.io/examples/application/hpa/php-apache.yaml
horizontalpodautoscaler.autoscaling/php-apache created